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Harmony - a library for patching, replacing and decorating .NET methods during runtime.

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Prerequisites

Harmony works with all languages that compile to CIL, Microsofts intermediate byte code language. This is foremost the .NET Framework and of course Mono - used by the game engine Unity.

The exception is probably Unity .NET Standard profile, which does not provide the functionality to fully create methods on the fly at runtime.

Bootstrapping and Injection

Harmony does not provide you with a way to run your own code within an application that is not designed to execute foreign code. You need a way to inject at least the few lines that start the Harmony patching and this is usually done with a loader. Here are some common examples of loaders (incomplete):

and more...

You need to find your own injection method or choose a game that supports user dll loading (usually called Mods) like for example RimWorld (Wiki).

Dependencies

It has no other dependencies and will most likely work in other environments too. Harmony was tested on PC, Mac and Linux and support 32- and 64-bit. For a typical Unity target, simply set your project to .Net 3.5 or Mono 2.x and include the Harmony dll.

Altering functionality (Patching)

In general, if you want to change how an exising C# application like a game works and you don't have the source code for that application, you have basically two principles to do that:

Alter dll files on disk
Re-point method implementations (hooking)

Depending on the needs and situation, altering dll files is not always a desirable solution. For example

it has legal implications
it might be blocked by an anti-cheat system
it does not coordinate nicely with multiple concurrent changes
it has to be done before and outside the original application

Harmony uses a variation of hooking and focuces only on runtime changes that don't affect files on disk:

less conflicts with multiple mods
supports existing mod loaders
changes can be made dynamically/conditionally
the patch order can be flexible
other mods can be patched too
less legal issues

How Harmony works

Where other patch libraries simply allow you to replace the original method, Harmony goes one step further and gives you:

A way to keep the original method intact
Execute your code before and/or after the original method
Modify the original with IL code processors
Multiple Harmony patches co-exist and don't conflict with each other

Limits of runtime patching

Harmony can't do everything. Make sure you understand the following:

With Harmony, you only manipulate methods. This includes constructors and getters/setters.
You can only work with methods that have an actual IL code body, which means that they appear in a dissassembler like dnSpy.
Methods that are too small might get inlined and your patches will not run.
You cannot add fields to classes and you cannot extend enums (they get compiled into ints).
Patching generic methods or methods in generic classes is tricky and might not work as expected.

Hello World Example

Original game code:

Patching with Harmony annotations:

Alternatively, manual patching with reflection:

In computer programming, DLL injection is a technique used for running code within the address space of another process by forcing it to load a dynamic-link library.^[1] DLL injection is often used by external programs to influence the behavior of another program in a way its authors did not anticipate or intend.^[1]^[2]^[3] For example, the injected code could hook system function calls,^[4]^[5] or read the contents of password textboxes, which cannot be done the usual way.^[6] A program used to inject arbitrary code into arbitrary processes is called a DLL injector.

Approaches on Microsoft Windows[edit]

There are multiple ways on Microsoft Windows to force a process to load and execute code in a DLL that the authors did not intend:

DLLs listed in the registry entry HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREMicrosoftWindows NTCurrentVersionWindowsAppInit_DLLs are loaded into every process that loads User32.dll during the initial call of that DLL.^[7]^[8]^[9] Beginning with Windows Vista, AppInit_DLLs are disabled by default.^[10] Beginning with Windows 7, the AppInit_DLL infrastructure supports code signing. Starting with Windows 8, the entire AppInit_DLL functionality is disabled when Secure Boot is enabled, regardless of code signing or registry settings.^[11]
DLLs listed under the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlSession ManagerAppCertDLLs are loaded into every process that calls the Win32 API functions CreateProcess, CreateProcessAsUser, CreateProcessWithLogonW, CreateProcessWithTokenW and WinExec. That is the right way to use legal DLL injection on current version of Windows - Windows 10. DLL must be signed by a valid certificate.
Process manipulation functions such as CreateRemoteThread or code injection techniques such as AtomBombing,^[12] can be used to inject a DLL into a program after it has started.^[5]^[6]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]
1. Open a handle to the target process. This can be done by spawning the process^[17]^[18] or by keying off something created by that process that is known to exist – for instance, a window with a predictable title,^[19] or by obtaining a list of running processes^[20] and scanning for the target executable's filename.^[21]
2. Allocate some memory in the target process,^[22] and the name of the DLL to be injected is written to it.^[13]^[23]
  This step can be skipped if a suitable DLL name is already available in the target process. For example, if a process links to ‘User32.dll’, ‘GDI32.dll’, ‘Kernel32.dll’ or any other library whose name ends in ‘32.dll’, it would be possible to load a library named ‘32.dll’. This technique has in the past been demonstrated to be effective against a method of guarding processes against DLL injection.^[24]
3. Create a new thread in the target process^[25] with the thread's start address set to be the address of LoadLibrary and the argument set to the address of the string just uploaded into the target.^[13]^[26]
  Instead of writing the name of a DLL-to-load to the target and starting the new thread at LoadLibrary, one can write the code-to-be-executed to the target and start the thread at that code.^[6]
4. The operating system then calls the initialization routine of the injected DLL.^[13]^[27]
Note that without precautions, this approach can be detected by the target process due to the DLL_THREAD_ATTACH notifications sent to every loaded module as a thread starts.^[27]
Windows hooking calls such as SetWindowsHookEx.^[2]^[5]^[6]^[28]^[29]^[30]
Use the SuspendThread or NtSuspendThread function to suspend all threads, and then use SetThreadContext or NtSetContextThread function to modify an existing thread's context in the application to execute injected code, that in turn could load a DLL.^[4]^[31]^[32]
Exploit design limitations in Windows and applications that call the LoadLibrary or LoadLibraryEx function without specifying a full-qualified path to the DLL being loaded.^[33]^[34]^[35]
Operating system-level shims.
Substituting an application-specific DLL with a rogue replacement that implements the same function exports as the original.^[36]

Approaches on Unix-like systems[edit]

On Unix-like operating systems with the dynamic linker based on ld.so (on BSD) and ld-linux.so (on Linux), arbitrary libraries can be linked to a new process by giving the library's pathname in the LD PRELOAD environment variable, that can be set globally or individually for a single process.^[37]

For example, on a Linux system, this command launches the command 'prog' with the shared library from file 'test.so' linked into it at the launchtime:

Such a library can be created in the same way as other shared objects. With GCC, this involves compiling the source file containing the new globals to be linked, with the -fpic or -fPIC option,^[38] and linking with the -shared option.^[39] The library has access to external symbols declared in the program like any other library.

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On macOS, the following command launches the command 'prog' with the shared library from file 'test.dylib' linked into it at the launchtime:^[40]

It is also possible to use debugger-based techniques on Unix-like systems.^[41]

Sample Code[edit]

Using the LoadLibrary API function[edit]

The sample function below uses a method of DLL injection that exploits the fact that kernel32.dll is mapped to the same address in almost all processes. Therefore LoadLibrary (which is a function of kernel32.dll) is mapped to the same address as well. LoadLibrary also happens to fit the thread start routine required by CreateRemoteThread.

References[edit]